Definition:
The letters CAD stand for computer-aided design. Architects, drafters, engineers, and artists use CAD software to create plans and construction drawings.
Before the age of computers, drawings and blueprints were drafted by hand. CAD is more efficient because the software records lines as vectors based on mathematical equations. Portions of a drawing can be twisted, stretched, or moved. The picture as a whole will automatically adjust.
CAD Software will let the designer:
Switch between two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) views.
Zoom in and out for close-up and distant views.
Rotate images to view them from different perspectives.
Change the scale of images: When one value changes, related values are automatically adjusted.
Manipulate the shape of images: Changing one portion of an image automatically changes the entire picture.
Also Known As:
CAD is also known as CADD, which stands for Computer-Aided Design & Drafting
Examples:
Popular CAD programs used by architects and engineers include:
Autocad
TurboCAD
Vectorworks
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Friday, December 17, 2010
SAP
What is SAP?
SAP, started in 1972 by five former IBM employees in Mannheim, Germany, states that it is the world's largest
inter-enterprise software company and the world's fourth-largest independent software supplier, overall
The original name for SAP was German: Systeme, Anwendungen, Produkte, German for "Systems Applications and
Products." The original SAP idea was to provide customers with the ability to interact with a common corporate
database for a comprehensive range of applications. Gradually, the applications have been assembled and today many
corporations, including IBM and Microsoft, are using SAP products to run their own businesses.
SAP applications, built around their latest R/3 system, provide the capability to manage financial, asset, and cost
accounting, production operations and materials, personnel, plants, and archived documents. The R/3 system runs on
a number of platforms including Windows 2000 and uses the client/server model. The latest version of R/3 includes a
comprehensive Internet-enabled package.
SAP has recently recast its product offerings under a comprehensive Web interface, called mySAP.com, and added new
e-business applications, including customer relationship management (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM).
As of January 2007, SAP, a publicly traded company, had over 38,4000 employees in over 50 countries, and more than
36,200 customers around the world. SAP is turning its attention to small- and-medium sized businesses (SMB). A
recent R/3 version was provided for IBM's AS/400 platform.
SAP, started in 1972 by five former IBM employees in Mannheim, Germany, states that it is the world's largest
inter-enterprise software company and the world's fourth-largest independent software supplier, overall
The original name for SAP was German: Systeme, Anwendungen, Produkte, German for "Systems Applications and
Products." The original SAP idea was to provide customers with the ability to interact with a common corporate
database for a comprehensive range of applications. Gradually, the applications have been assembled and today many
corporations, including IBM and Microsoft, are using SAP products to run their own businesses.
SAP applications, built around their latest R/3 system, provide the capability to manage financial, asset, and cost
accounting, production operations and materials, personnel, plants, and archived documents. The R/3 system runs on
a number of platforms including Windows 2000 and uses the client/server model. The latest version of R/3 includes a
comprehensive Internet-enabled package.
SAP has recently recast its product offerings under a comprehensive Web interface, called mySAP.com, and added new
e-business applications, including customer relationship management (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM).
As of January 2007, SAP, a publicly traded company, had over 38,4000 employees in over 50 countries, and more than
36,200 customers around the world. SAP is turning its attention to small- and-medium sized businesses (SMB). A
recent R/3 version was provided for IBM's AS/400 platform.
programming
What Does A Programming Language Do
A programming language is used to write computer programs such as
Applications
Utilities
Servers
Systems Programs
A program is written as a series of human understandable computer instructions that can be read by a compiler and
linker, and translated into machine code so that a computer can understand and run it.
Examples Of Programming Languages:
These languages include Assembler, C or C++. A computer motherboard with the CPU, RAM and ROM), the instructions to
boot the computer are limited to a small amount of memory in the boot ROM chip and so are usually written in
assembler. Operating systems like Linux or Windows are written in C and C++.
What Programming Languages Are Now In Use?:
It is mainly Java and C++ with C# starting to gain popularity and C holding its own. There have been many attempts
to automate this process, and have computers write computer programs but the complexity is such that for now,
humans still write the best computer programs.
More advanced techniques, for instance using
Objects
Generics
Multi-threading
mean that the modern programming languages are far more powerful.
Programming Languages - What Are They?
How Are These Newer Programming Languages Better?:
Lower level languages like
Assembly Language
C,
C++
Force the programmer to think more about the problem in computer terms, instead of the business logic. Less about
payrolls and more about how the data is stored.
C# though does not use pointers, so that removes the chances of a pointer being corrupted or not freed. The .NET
runtime handles things like garbage collection, so the developer doesn't have to reinvent this wheel.
A programming language is used to write computer programs such as
Applications
Utilities
Servers
Systems Programs
A program is written as a series of human understandable computer instructions that can be read by a compiler and
linker, and translated into machine code so that a computer can understand and run it.
Examples Of Programming Languages:
These languages include Assembler, C or C++. A computer motherboard with the CPU, RAM and ROM), the instructions to
boot the computer are limited to a small amount of memory in the boot ROM chip and so are usually written in
assembler. Operating systems like Linux or Windows are written in C and C++.
What Programming Languages Are Now In Use?:
It is mainly Java and C++ with C# starting to gain popularity and C holding its own. There have been many attempts
to automate this process, and have computers write computer programs but the complexity is such that for now,
humans still write the best computer programs.
More advanced techniques, for instance using
Objects
Generics
Multi-threading
mean that the modern programming languages are far more powerful.
Programming Languages - What Are They?
How Are These Newer Programming Languages Better?:
Lower level languages like
Assembly Language
C,
C++
Force the programmer to think more about the problem in computer terms, instead of the business logic. Less about
payrolls and more about how the data is stored.
C# though does not use pointers, so that removes the chances of a pointer being corrupted or not freed. The .NET
runtime handles things like garbage collection, so the developer doesn't have to reinvent this wheel.
WLAN
Definition: WLANs provide wireless network communication over short distances using radio or infrared signals instead of traditional network cabling.
A WLAN typically extends an existing wired local area network. WLANs are built by attaching a device called the access point (AP) to the edge of the wired network. Clients communicate with the AP using a wireless network adapter similar in function to a traditional Ethernet adapter.
Network security remains an important issue for WLANs. Random wireless clients must usually be prohibited from joining the WLAN. Technologies like WEP raise the level of security on wireless networks to rival that of traditional wired networks.
Also Known As: wireless LAN
Examples:
For WLANs that connect to the Internet, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) technology allows Web content to be more easily downloaded to a WLAN and rendered on wireless clients like cell phones and PDAs.
A WLAN typically extends an existing wired local area network. WLANs are built by attaching a device called the access point (AP) to the edge of the wired network. Clients communicate with the AP using a wireless network adapter similar in function to a traditional Ethernet adapter.
Network security remains an important issue for WLANs. Random wireless clients must usually be prohibited from joining the WLAN. Technologies like WEP raise the level of security on wireless networks to rival that of traditional wired networks.
Also Known As: wireless LAN
Examples:
For WLANs that connect to the Internet, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) technology allows Web content to be more easily downloaded to a WLAN and rendered on wireless clients like cell phones and PDAs.
Friday, December 10, 2010
Linux
Linux is a complete operating system that is similar but not identical to UNIX. It runs on a wide variety of hardware, ranging from 386's/486's/Pentiums/Pentium II's to more exotic hardware such as Digital Alpha computers, PowerPCs, and Silicon Graphics workstations. Probably the most unique characterisitc of Linux is that it is freely distributable. Freely distributable means that the source code for the kernel and most software cannot be withheld. It does not mean that companies cannot charge for it.
Originally the term Linux referred strictly to the kernel (the core of the operating system), but the phrase itself refers nowadays to a collection of configured software that runs on top of the Linux kernel. These 'collections of software' are known as distributions. Although these distributions often have their own unique (together with some proprietary software) flavour they are essentially the same. Just a few years ago there were only two popular distributions, Slackware and SLS. However, nowadays there is a wide choice from such companies as Red Hat, Caldera, S.U.S.E, Stampede. These companies do not just compile and configure the software. Caldera, Red Hat and others have added their own proprietary software to their distribution, which help to make such tasks as installation no harder than say Windows 95.
The easiest way to obtain a Linux distribution is to purchase a CD-ROM containing the software. Unless you have a very fast connection to the Internet a CD-ROM represents the most convenient method. Two American companies stand out in offering these distributions at incredibly cheap prices (just a couple of dollars); Cheapbytes and LSL. If you live in the UK and Europe the Linux Emporium offers the popular distributions for 2 pounds, which includes postage. I have purchased from all three companies in the past, and they offer a reliable service. One thing they can't offer is technical support. If you think you will need some help in installing Linux I would recommend you purchase from one of the distribution companies; for example Red Hat offer 30 days free technical support in installing their distribution.
If I had to recommend one distribution to a newcomer it would be Red Hat 5.0. Why, you ask? This is an up-to-date distribution which has some excellent utilities for configuring Linux, it has arguably the best package manager (for easy installation and de-installation of software), and has wide support among the Linux community.
Most UNIX software runs on Linux and there are many commercial applications that have been ported over to Linux, such as the excellent graphics package Corel DRAW, wordprocessors such as WordPerfect, and spreadsheets such as NeXS. Additionally the commercial WABI program allows you to run many 16-bit Windows applications under Linux, if you so wish.
Originally the term Linux referred strictly to the kernel (the core of the operating system), but the phrase itself refers nowadays to a collection of configured software that runs on top of the Linux kernel. These 'collections of software' are known as distributions. Although these distributions often have their own unique (together with some proprietary software) flavour they are essentially the same. Just a few years ago there were only two popular distributions, Slackware and SLS. However, nowadays there is a wide choice from such companies as Red Hat, Caldera, S.U.S.E, Stampede. These companies do not just compile and configure the software. Caldera, Red Hat and others have added their own proprietary software to their distribution, which help to make such tasks as installation no harder than say Windows 95.
The easiest way to obtain a Linux distribution is to purchase a CD-ROM containing the software. Unless you have a very fast connection to the Internet a CD-ROM represents the most convenient method. Two American companies stand out in offering these distributions at incredibly cheap prices (just a couple of dollars); Cheapbytes and LSL. If you live in the UK and Europe the Linux Emporium offers the popular distributions for 2 pounds, which includes postage. I have purchased from all three companies in the past, and they offer a reliable service. One thing they can't offer is technical support. If you think you will need some help in installing Linux I would recommend you purchase from one of the distribution companies; for example Red Hat offer 30 days free technical support in installing their distribution.
If I had to recommend one distribution to a newcomer it would be Red Hat 5.0. Why, you ask? This is an up-to-date distribution which has some excellent utilities for configuring Linux, it has arguably the best package manager (for easy installation and de-installation of software), and has wide support among the Linux community.
Most UNIX software runs on Linux and there are many commercial applications that have been ported over to Linux, such as the excellent graphics package Corel DRAW, wordprocessors such as WordPerfect, and spreadsheets such as NeXS. Additionally the commercial WABI program allows you to run many 16-bit Windows applications under Linux, if you so wish.
C
A tool called a compiler is then used to convert the high-level code into machine language. A program can be written in C and compiled for any computer, it's up to the compiler to get the hardware-specific instructions right.
To see just how readable C is compared to Assembly language, take a look at the following tiny program written in each:
Example 1-1. C vs. Assembly language
.section .rodata
.LC0:
.string "Tax Due: %d\n"
.text
.align 2
.globl main
.type main,@function
main:
pushl %ebp
movl %esp, %ebp
subl $24, %esp
andl $-16, %esp
movl $0, %eax
subl %eax, %esp
movl $1000, %eax
movl $400, %edx
movl $0x3e6147ae, -12(%ebp)
subl %edx, %eax
pushl %eax
fildl (%esp)
leal 4(%esp), %esp
fmuls -12(%ebp)
fnstcw -18(%ebp)
movw -18(%ebp), %ax
movb $12, %ah
movw %ax, -20(%ebp)
fldcw -20(%ebp)
fistpl -16(%ebp)
fldcw -18(%ebp)
subl $8, %esp
pushl -16(%ebp)
pushl $.LC0
call printf
addl $16, %esp
movl $1, %eax
leave
ret
.Lfe1:
.size main,.Lfe1-main
And the program in C:
#include <stdio.h>
int
main()
{
int wages = 1000;
int tax_allowance = 400;
float tax_rate = 0.22;
int tax_due;
tax_due = (wages - tax_allowance) * tax_rate;
printf("Tax Due: %d euro\n", tax_due);
return 0;
}
To see just how readable C is compared to Assembly language, take a look at the following tiny program written in each:
Example 1-1. C vs. Assembly language
.section .rodata
.LC0:
.string "Tax Due: %d\n"
.text
.align 2
.globl main
.type main,@function
main:
pushl %ebp
movl %esp, %ebp
subl $24, %esp
andl $-16, %esp
movl $0, %eax
subl %eax, %esp
movl $1000, %eax
movl $400, %edx
movl $0x3e6147ae, -12(%ebp)
subl %edx, %eax
pushl %eax
fildl (%esp)
leal 4(%esp), %esp
fmuls -12(%ebp)
fnstcw -18(%ebp)
movw -18(%ebp), %ax
movb $12, %ah
movw %ax, -20(%ebp)
fldcw -20(%ebp)
fistpl -16(%ebp)
fldcw -18(%ebp)
subl $8, %esp
pushl -16(%ebp)
pushl $.LC0
call printf
addl $16, %esp
movl $1, %eax
leave
ret
.Lfe1:
.size main,.Lfe1-main
And the program in C:
#include <stdio.h>
int
main()
{
int wages = 1000;
int tax_allowance = 400;
float tax_rate = 0.22;
int tax_due;
tax_due = (wages - tax_allowance) * tax_rate;
printf("Tax Due: %d euro\n", tax_due);
return 0;
}
C++
C++ is an "object oriented" programming language created by Bjarne Stroustrup and released in 1985. It implements "data abstraction" using a concept called "classes", along with other features to allow object-oriented programming. Parts of the C++ program are easily reusable and extensible; existing code is easily modifiable without actually having to change the code. C++ adds a concept called "operator overloading" not seen in the earlier OOP languages and it makes the creation of libraries much cleaner.
C++ maintains aspects of the C programming language, yet has features which simplify memory management. Additionally, some of the features of C++ allow low-level access to memory but also contain high level features.
C++ could be considered a superset of C. C programs will run in C++ compilers. C uses structured programming concepts and techniques while C++ uses object oriented programming and classes which focus on data. Read about the History of C and also about the History of C++.
C++ maintains aspects of the C programming language, yet has features which simplify memory management. Additionally, some of the features of C++ allow low-level access to memory but also contain high level features.
C++ could be considered a superset of C. C programs will run in C++ compilers. C uses structured programming concepts and techniques while C++ uses object oriented programming and classes which focus on data. Read about the History of C and also about the History of C++.
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